THE EARLY NARRATIVES OF GENESIS
BY
PROFESSOR
JAMES ORR, D. D.,
United Free Church College, Glasgow, Scotland
By the early narratives of Genesis
are to be understood the first eleven chapters of the book — those which
precede the times of Abraham. These chapters present peculiarities of their
own, and I confine attention to them, although the critical treatment applied
to them is not confined to these chapters, but extends throughout the whole
Book of Genesis, the Book of Exodus, and the later history with much the same
result in reducing them to legend.
We may begin by looking at the
matter covered by these eleven chapters with which we have to deal. See what
they contain. First, we have the sublime proem to the Book of Genesis, and to
the Bible as a whole, in the account of the Creation in Genesis 1. However it
got there, this chapter manifestly stands in its fit place as the introduction
to all that follows.
Where is there anything like it in
all literature? There is nothing anywhere, in Babylonian legend or anywhere
else. You ask perhaps what interest has religious faith in the doctrine of
creation — in any theory or speculation on how the world came to be? I answer,
it has the very deepest interest. The interest of religion in the doctrine of
creation is that this doctrine is our guarantee for the dependence of all
things on God — the ground of our assurance that everything in nature and
Providence is at His disposal. “My help cometh from the Lord which made heaven
and earth.” Suppose there was anything in the universe that was not created by
God — that existed independently of Him how could we be sure that that element
might not thwart, defeat, destroy the fulfillment of God’s purposes? The
Biblical
doctrine of creation forever
excludes that supposition. Following on this primary account of creation is a
second narrative in a different style from chapter 2 to 4 — but closely
connected with the first by the words, “In the day that the Lord God made earth
and heaven.” This is sometimes spoken of as a second narrative of creation, and
is often said to contradict the first. But this is a mistake. As the critic
Dillmann points out, this second narrative is not a history of creation in the
sense of the first at all. It has nothing to say of the creation of either
heaven or earth, of the heavenly bodies, of the general world of vegetation. It
deals simply with man and God’s dealings with man when first created, and
everything in the narrative is regarded and grouped from this point of view.
The heart of the narrative is the story of the temptation and the fall of man.
It is sometimes said that the Fall is not alluded to in later Old Testament
Scripture, and therefore cannot be regarded as an essential part of revelation.
It would be truer to say that the story of the Fall, standing there at the
commencement of the Bible, furnishes the key to all that follows. What is the
picture given in the whole Bible Old Testament and New? Is it not that of a
world turned aside from God living in rebellion and defiance to Him — disobedient
to His calls and resisting His grace? What is the explanation of this universal
apostasy and transgression if it is not that man has fallen from his first
estate? For certainly this is not
the state in which God made man, or wishes him to be. The truth is, if this
story of the Fall were not there at the beginning of the Bible, we would
require to put it there for ourselves in order to explain the moral state of
the world as the Bible pictures it to us, and as we know it to be. In chapter
4, as an appendage to these narratives, there follows the story of Cain and
Abel, with brief notices of the beginning of civilization in the line of Cain,
and of the start of a holier line in Seth.
Next, returning to the style of
Genesis 1 — what is called the “Elohistic” style — we have the genealogical
line of Seth extending from Adam to Noah. You are struck with the longevity
ascribed to those patriarchal figures in the dawn of time, but not less with
the constant mournful refrain which ends each notice, Enoch’s alone excepted,
“and he died.” This chapter connects directly with the account of creation in
Genesis 1, but presupposes equally the narrative of the Fall in the intervening
chapters. We often read in critical books assertions to the contrary of this. The
“priestly writer,” we are told, “knows nothing” of a Fall. But that is not so.
Wellhausen, that master-critic, is
on my side here. Speaking of the so-called “priestly” sections in the story of
the flood, he says, “The flood is well led up to; in Q. (that is his name for
the priestly writing) we should be inclined to ask in surprise how the earth
has come all at once to be so corrupted after being in the best of order. Did
we not know it from J. E.? (that is, the Fall Narrative).” Another leading
critical authority, Dr. Carpenter, writes in the same strain.
Then you come to the flood story in
Genesis 6:9, in which two narratives are held to be interblended. There are two
writers here, criticism says — the Elohistic and the Jehovistic, — yet
criticism must own that these two stories fit wonderfully into one another, and
the one is incomplete without the other. If one, for instance, gives the
command to Noah and his house to enter the Ark, it is the other that narrates
the building of the Ark. If one tells of Noah’s “house,” it is the other that
gives the names of Noah’s sons. What is still move striking, when you compare
these Bible stories with the Babylonian story of the deluge, you find that it
takes both of these so-called “narratives” in Genesis to make up the one
complete story of the tablets. Then, following on the flood and the covenant
with Noah, the race of mankind spreads out again as depicted in the table of
nations in chapter 10. In verse 25 it is noted that in the days of Peleg was
the earth divided; then in chapter 11 you have the story of the divine judgment
at Babel confusing human speech, and this is followed by a new genealogy
extending to Abraham.
Such is a brief survey of the
material, and on the face of it it must be acknowledged that this is a
wonderfully well-knit piece of history of its own kind which we have before us,
not in the least resembling the loose; incoherent, confused mythologies of
other nations. There is nothing resembling it in any other history or religious
book, and when we come to speak of the great ideas which pervade it, and give
it its unity, our wonder is still increased.
Ah, yes, our critical friends will
tell us, the great ideas are there, but they were not originally there. They
were put in later by the prophets. The prophets took the old legends and put
these grand ideas into them, and made them religiously profitable. If that was
the way in which God chose to. give us His revelation, we would be bound
gratefully to accept it, but I must be pardoned if I prefer to believe that the
great ideas did not need to be put into these narratives; that they were there
in the things themselves from the very first.
The truth is, a great deal here
depends on your method of approach to these old narratives. There is a saying,
“Everything can be laid hold of by two handles,” and that is true of these
ancient stories. Approach them in one way and you make them out to be a bundle
of fables, legends, myths, without historical basis of any kind. Then wonderful
feats can be performed in the handling of the myths. Prof. Gunkel, for example,
that very capable Old Testament scholar, is not content with the analysis of
books and chapters and verses, but adds to it the analysis of personalities. He
will show you, for instance, that Cain is composed originally out of
three distinct figures, blended
together, Noah out of another three, and so on. I have ventured to describe
Gunkel’s theory as the explanation of the patriarchal history on the ancient
principle of a fortuitous concourse of atoms. Only that does not quite answer
to the kind of history we have in these narratives, which stand in such organic
connection with the rest of revelation. Approach these narratives in another
way and they are the oldest and most precious traditions of our race; worthy in
their intrinsic merit of standing where they do at the commencement of the Word
of God, and capable of vindicating their right to be there; not merely vehicles
of great ideas, but presenting in their own archaic way — for archaic they are
in form — the memory of great historic truths. The story of the Fall, for
example, is not a myth, but enshrines the shuddering memory of an actual moral
catastrophe in the beginning of our race, which brought death into the world
and all our woe.
Coming now to deal a little more
closely with these narratives, I suppose I ought to say something on the
critical aspect of the question. But this I must pass over briefly, for I want
to get to more important matters. In two points only I would desire to indicate
my decided break with current critical theory. The one is the carrying down of
the whole Levitical system and history connected with it to the post-exilian
age. That, I believe, is not a sound result of criticism, but one which in a
very short time will have to be abandoned, as indeed it is already being
abandoned or greatly modified in influential quarters. This applies specially
to the date of Genesis 1. Professor Delitzsch, a commentator often cited as
having come round practically to the newer critical view, takes a firm stand
here. In his new commentary on Genesis 1, he tells us: “The essential matters
in the account of the creation are among the most ancient foundations of the
religion of Israel — there are no marks of style which constrain us to relegate
the Elohistic account of the creation to the exile — it is in any case a
tradition reaching back to the Mosaic period.” The other point on which I
dissent is the idea that the Israelites began their religious history without
the idea of the one true God, Maker of heaven and earth; that they began with a
tribal god, the storm god of Sinai or some other local deity, and gradually
clothed him from their own minds with the attributes which belong to Jehovah.
This, which is the product of the evolutionary theory of religion, and not a
fair deduction from any evidence we possess, I entirely disbelieve, and I am
glad to say that this view also is being greatly modified or parted with. It is
this theory, however, which lies behind a great deal of the criticism of these
early narratives of Genesis.
Those things, it is said, could not
be; those great ideas could not be there; for man at that early stage could not
have evolved them. Even God, it appears, could not have given them to him. Our
“could be’s,” however, will have to be ruled by facts, and my contention is
that the facts are adverse to the theory as currently set forth.
I come now to the question, Is there
any external corroboration or confirmation of these early narratives in
Genesis? Here let me say a little of the relation of these narratives to
Babylonia. Everyone has heard something of the wonderful discoveries in
Babylonia, and it would be difficult to exaggerate the brilliance and
importance of these marvelous discoveries. The point which concerns us chiefly
is the extraordinary light thrown on the high culture of early Babylonia. Here,
long before the time of Abraham, we find ourselves in the midst of cities,
arts, letters, books, libraries, and Abraham’s own age — that of Hammurabi —
was the bloom time of this civilization. Instead of Israel being a people just
emerging from the dim dawn of barbarism, we find in the light of these
discoveries that it was a people on whom from its own standpoint the ends of
the earth had come — heir to the riches of a civilization extending millenniums
into the past. If you say this creates a difficulty in representing the
chronology (I may touch on this later), I answer that it gives much greater
help by showing how the knowledge of very ancient things could be safely handed
down. For us the chief interest of these discoveries is the help they give us
in answering the question, How far do these narratives in Genesis embody for us
the oldest traditions of our race? There are two reasons which lead us to look
with some confidence to Babylonia for the answer to this question. For one
thing, in early Babylonia we are already far back into the times to which many
of these traditions relate; for another, the Bible itself points to Babylonia
as the Original city of those traditions. Eden was in Babylonia, as shown by
its rivers, the Euphrates and Tigris. It was in Babylonia the Ark was built;
and on a mountain in the neighborhood of Babylonia the Ark rested. It was from
the plain of Shinar, in Babylonia, that the new distribution of the race took
place. To Babylonia, therefore, if anywhere, we are entitled to look for light
on these ancient traditions, and do we not find it? I read sometimes with
astonishment of the statement that Babylonian discovery has done little or nothing
for the confirmation of these old parts of Genesis has rather proved that they
belong to the region of the mythical.
Take only one or two examples. I
leave over meanwhile the Babylonian story of the creation and the flood, and
take that old tenth chapter of Genesis, the “Table of Nations.” Professor
Kautzsch, of Halle, a critic of note, says of that old table, “The so-called
Table of Nations remains, according to all results of monumental exploration,
an ethnographic original document of the first rank which nothing can replace.”
In this tenth chapter of Genesis, verses 8-10, we have certain statements about
the origin of Babylonian civilization. We learn
(1) that Babylonia is the oldest of
civilizations;
(2) that Assyrian civilization was
derived from Babylonia; and
(3) strangest of all, that the founders
of Babylonian civilization were not Semites, but Hamites — descendants of Cush.
Each of these statements was in
contradiction to old classical notices and to what was currently believed till
recently about those ancient people. Yet it will not be disputed that
exploration has justified the Bible on each of these points. Assyria,
undoubtedly, was younger than Babylonia; it derived its civilization, arts,
religion, institutions, all that it had, from Babylonia.
Strangest of all, the originators of
Babylonia civilization, the Acadians, or Sumerians; were a people not of
Semitic, but apparently of Turanian or what the Bible would call Hamitic stock.
Take another instance; in verse 22 Elam appears as the son of Shem, but here
was a difficulty. The Elamites of history were not a Semitic, but an Aryan
people, and their language was Aryan. Even Professor Hommel, in defending the
ancient Hebrew tradition, thought he had to admit an error here. But was there?
A French expedition went out to excavate Susa, the capital of Elam, and below
the ruins of the historical Elam discovered bricks and other remains
of an older civilization, with
Babylonian inscriptions showing the people to be of Semitic stock; so Elam was,
after all, the son of Shem. In the story of the Tower of Babel in chapter 11,
again is it not interesting to find the Bible deriving all the streams of
mankind from the Plain of Shinar, and to find archaeology bringing
corroborative proof that probably all the greater streams of civilization do
take their origin from this region? For that is the view to which the opinions
of scholars now tend.
Glance now at the stories of
Creation, of Paradise, and of the Deluge. The story of Paradise and the Fall we
may dismiss in this connection, for except in the case of the picture on an
ancient seal which does bear some relation to the story of the temptation in
Eden, there has yet been no proper parallel to the Bible story of the fall. On
the other hand, from the ruins of Assyrian libraries have been disinterred
fragments of an account of creation, and the Babylonian version of the story of
the deluge, both of which have been brought into comparison with the narratives
of the Bible. Little need be said of the Babylonian creation story. It is a
debased, polytheistic, long drawn-out, mythical affair, without order, only
here and there suggesting analogies to the divine works in Genesis. The flood
story has much more
resemblance, but it too is debased
and mythical, and lacks wholly in the higher ideas which give its character to
the Biblical account. Yet this is the quarry from which our critical friends
would have us derive the narratives in the Bible. The Israelites borrowed them,
it is thought, and purified these confused polytheistic legends and made them
the vehicles of nobler teaching. We need not discuss the time and manner of
this borrowing, for I cannot see my way to accept this version of events at
all. There is not only no proof that these stories were borrowed in their crude
form from the Babylonians, but the contrast in spirit and character between the
Babylonians’ products and the Bible’s seems to me to forbid any such
derivation. The debased form may conceivably arise from corruption of the
higher, but not vice versa. Much
rather may we hold with scholars like Delitzsch and Kittel, that the relation
is one of cognateness, not of derivation. These traditions came down from a
much older source, and are preserved by the Hebrews in their purer form. This
appears to me to explain the phenomena as no theory of derivation can do, and
it is in accordance with the Bible’s own representation of the line of
revelation from the beginning along which the sacred tradition can be
transmitted.
Leaving Babylonia, I must now say a
few words on the scientific and historical aspects of these narratives. Science
is invoked to prove that the narratives of creation in Genesis 1, the story of
man’s origin and fall in chapters 2 and 3, the account of patriarchal longevity
in chapters 5 and 11, the story of the deluge, and other matters, must all be
rejected because in patent contradiction to the facts of modern knowledge. I
would ask you, however, to
suspend judgment until we have looked at the relation in which these two
things, science and the Bible, stand to each other. When science is said to
contradict the Bible, I should like to ask first, What is meant by
contradiction here? The Bible was never given us in order to anticipate or
forestall the discoveries of modern twentieth century science.
The Bible, as every sensible
interpreter of Scripture has always held, takes the world as it is, not as it
is seen through the eyes of twentieth century specialists, but as it lies
spread out before the eyes of original men, and uses the popular every-day
language appropriate to this standpoint. As Calvin in his commentary on Genesis
1 says: “Moses wrote in the popular style, which, without instruction, all
ordinary persons endowed with common sense are able to understand. * * * He
does not call us up to heaven; he only proposes things that lie open before our
eyes.”
It does not follow that because the
Bible does not teach modern science, we are justified in saying that it
contradicts it. What I see in these narratives of Genesis is that, so true is
the standpoint of the author, so divine the illumination with which he is
endowed, so unerring his insight into the order of nature, there is little in
his description that even yet, with our advanced knowledge, we need to change.
You say there is the “six days” and the question whether those days are meant
to be measured by the twenty-four hours of the sun’s revolution around the
earth — I speak of these things popularly. It is difficult to see how they
should be so measured when the sun that is to measure them is not introduced
until the fourth day. Do not think that this larger reading of the days is a
new speculation. You find Augustine in early times declaring that it is hard or
altogether impossible to say of what fashion these days are, and Thomas
Aquinas, in the middle ages, leaves the matter an open question. To my mind
these narratives in Genesis stand out as a marvel, not for its discordance with
science, but for its agreement with it. Time does not permit me to enter into
the details of the story of man’s origin in Genesis, but I have already
indicated the general point of view from which I think this narrative is to be
regarded. It would be well if those who speak of disagreement with science
would look to the great truths embedded in these narratives which science may
be called upon to confirm. There is, for example:
(1) The truth that man is the last of
God’s created works — the crown and summit of God’s creation. Does science
contradict that?
(2) There is the great truth of the
unity of the human race. No ancient people that I know of believed in such
unity of the race, and even science until recently cast doubts upon it. How
strange to find this great truth of the unity of the mankind confirmed in the
pages of the Bible from the very beginning. This truth holds in it already the
doctrine of monotheism, for if God is the Creator of the Beings from whom the
whole race sprang, He is the God of the whole race that sprang from them.
(3) There is the declaration that man
was made in God’s image — that God breathed into man a spirit akin to His own —
does the science of man’s nature contradict that, or does it not rather show
that in his personal, spiritual nature man stands alone as bearing the image of
God on earth, and founds a new kingdom in the world which can only be carried back
in its origin to the divine creative cause.
(4) I might cite even the region of
man’s origin, for I think science increasingly points to this very region in
Babylonia as the seat of man’s origin. Is it then the picture of the condition
in which man was created, pure and unfallen, and the idea that man, when
introduced into the world, was not left as an orphaned being — the divine care
was about him — that God spake with him and made known His will to him in such
forms as he was able to apprehend — is it this that is in contradiction with
history?
It lies outside the sphere of
science to contradict this. Personally, I do not know of any worthier
conception than that which supposes God to have placed Himself in communication
with man, in living relations with His moral creatures, from the very first.
Certainly there would be contradiction if Darwinian theory had its way and we
had to conceive of man as a slow, gradual ascent from the bestial stage, but I
am convinced, and have elsewhere sought to show, that genuine science teaches
no such doctrine.
Evolution is not to be identified
offhand with Darwinianism. Later evolutionary theory may rather be described as
a revolt against Darwinianism, and leaves the story open to a conception of man
quite in harmony with that of the Bible. Of the fall, I have already said that
if the story of it were not in the Bible we should require to put it there for
ourselves in order to explain the condition of the world as it is.
On the question of patriarchal
longevity, I would only say that there is here on the one hand the question of
interpretation, for, as the most conservative theologians have come gradually
to see, the names in these genealogies are not necessarily to be construed as
only individuals. But I would add that I am not disposed to question the
tradition of the extraordinary longevity in those olden times. Death, as I
understand it, is not a necessary part of man’s lot at all. Had man not sinned,
he would never have died. Death — the separation of soul and body, the two
integral parts of his nature — is something for him abnormal, unnatural. It is
not strange, then, that in the earliest period life should have been much
longer than it became afterward. Even a physiologist like Weissmann tells us
that the problem for science today is — not why organisms live so long, but why
they ever die.
I have referred to Babylonian story
of the flood, and can only add a word on the alleged contradiction of science
on this subject. Very confident statements are often made as to the impossibility
of such a submergence of the inhabited world, and destruction of human and
animal life as the Bible represents. It would be well if those who speak thus
confidently would study the accumulated evidence which distinguished scientific
men have brought forward, that such a catastrophe as Genesis describes is not
only possible, but has actually taken place since the advent of man. My
attention was first drawn to this subject by an interesting lecture by the late
Duke of Argyle given in Glasgow, and the same view has been advocated by other
eminent geological specialists on glacial and post-glacial times, as
Prestwich, Dawson, Howorth, Dr.
Wright, etc. The universal terms employed need not be read as extending beyond
the regions inhabited by man. There seems to be no substantial reason for
doubting that in the flood of Noah we have an actual historical occurrence of
which traditions appear to have survived in most regions of the world.
In conclusion, it is clear that the narratives
of Creation, the Fall, the Flood, are not myths, but narratives enshrining the
knowledge or memory of real transactions. The creation of the world was
certainly not a myth, but a fact, and the representation of the stages of
creation dealt likewise with facts. The language used was not that of modern
science, but, under divine guidance, the sacred writer gives a broad, general
picture which conveys a true idea of the order of the divine working in
creation. Man’s fall was likewise a tremendous fact, with universal
consequences in sin and death to the race. Man’s origin can only be explained
through an exercise of direct creative activity, whatever subordinate factors evolution may have
contributed. The flood was an historical fact, and the preservation of Noah
and his family is one of the best
and most widely attested of human traditions. In these narratives in Genesis
and the facts which they embody are really laid the foundation of all else in
the Bible. The unity of revelation binds them up with the Christian Gospel.
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